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VILNIUS, Lithuania (AP) ? Waving signs reading "Chevron, go away!," protesters demonstrated Tuesday in the Lithuanian capital against the government's plans to let the U.S oil company to begin shale gas exploration.
An estimated 500 protesters shouted and banged drums in central Vilnius in response to a recent government move to issue Chevron an exploration license for western Lithuania. One protester carried a sign that read "No American capitalists on Lithuanian soil."
Critics say shale gas exploration and production creates a significant environmental risk in the heavily forested areas close to the Baltic Sea.
"They will dig enormous holes that will spoil our drinking water ... and then leave. People will not make any money on this," said Pertas Kazlauskas, a protester. "We will do everything to keep this monstrous technology away."
According to estimates by the National Geological Service, Lithuania could have 50 billion to 60 billion cubic meters of shale gas reserves, or about 20 years' worth of gas at the country's current rate of consumption.
Supporters of shale gas ? including the center-left government of Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevicius ? argue that the reserves represent a rare opportunity for Lithuania to decrease its energy dependency on Russia, which currently supplies all of Lithuania's gas.
Chevron officials say they hope to begin exploration work this year, but growing public opposition may delay those plans.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/protesters-decry-lithuanias-shale-gas-plans-154841898--finance.html
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Playing off his?pre-Oscars prediction?that everyone would hate him at the Oscars, Seth MacFarlane spent the first 19 minutes of the Academy Awards on Sunday making sure everyone would, in fact, hate him.?After some real stinkers, the main conceit was William Shatner descending on a screen as Captain Kirk, from the future, to tell MacFarlane to do a better job of hosting, in a kind of alternate-reality bit that turned pretty sordid?and pretty fast. ...
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/scottish-catholic-news-office-cardinal-obrien-says-wont-112741085.html
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Feb. 25, 2013 ? Particles from the upper atmosphere trapped in a deep pile of Antarctic snow hold clear chemical traces of global meteorological events, a team from the University of California, San Diego and a colleague from France have found.
Anomalies in oxygen found in sulfate particles coincide with several episodes of the world-wide disruption of weather known as El Ni?o and can be distinguished from similar signals left by the eruption of huge volcanoes, the team reports in the early online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published the week of February 25.
"Our ability to link of reliable chemical signatures to well-known events will make it possible to reconstruct similar short-term fluctuations in atmospheric conditions from the paleohistory preserved in polar ice," said Mark Thiemens, Dean of the Division of Physical Sciences and professor of chemistry and biochemistry, who directed the research and dug up much of the snow.
Thiemens, graduate student Justin McCabe and colleague Joel Savarino of Laboratoire de Glaciologie et G?ophysique de l'Environnment in Grenoble, France, excavated a pit 6 meters deep in the snow near the South Pole, with shovels.
"At an elevation of 10,000 feet and 55 degrees below zero, this was quite a task," Thiemens said. Their efforts exposed a 22 year record of snowfall, a pileup of individual flakes, some of which crystallized around particles of sulfate that formed in the tropics.
Atmospheric sulfates form when sulfur dioxide -- one sulfur and two oxygen molecules -- mixes with air and gains two more oxygen molecules. This can happen a number of different ways, some of which favor the addition of variant forms of oxygen, or isotopes, with and extra neutron or two, previous work by Thiemens's group has shown.
Unlike polar ice, which compresses months of precipitation so tightly that resolution is measured in years, relatively fluffy snow allowed the team to resolve this record of atmospheric chemistry on a much finer scale.
"That was key," said Robina Shaheen, a project scientist in Thiemen's research group who led the chemical analysis. "This record was every six months. That high resolution made it clear we can trace a seasonal event such as ENSO."
ENSO, the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation, is a complex global phenomenon that begins when trade winds falter allowing piled up in the tropical western Pacific to slosh toward South America in a warm stream that alters marine life crashing fisheries off Peru and Chile, and disrupts patterns of rainfall leaving parts of the planet drenched and others parched.
The warmed air above the sea surface lifts sulfur dioxide high into the stratosphere, where it's oxidized by ozone, which imparts a distinctly different, anomalous pattern of oxygen variants to the resulting sulfate particles.
In the Antarctic snow samples, the chemists found traces of these oxygen anomalies in sulfates trapped within layers of snow that fell during strong El Ni?o seasons.
Volcanoes too can shoot sulfur compounds high into the atmosphere where they react with ozone to produce sulfates with oxygen anomalies. Three large volcanoes, El Chich?n, Pinatubo and Cerro Hudson, erupted over the course of this time sample, which stretched from 1980 to 2002 and encompassed three ENSO events as well.
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/LfVdYx0ik8Q/130225153126.htm
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The New Jersey Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act ( the ?New Act?) will take effect on March 18, 2013 and will apply to all limited liability companies formed after that date. ?For limited liability companies formed prior to March 18, 2013, the effective date of the New Act is April 1, 2014. ?Limited liability companies formed prior to March 18, 2013 may elect to be subject to the New Act by amending their operating agreements.
The New Act represents the intention of the legislature to provide increased flexibility for limited liability companies by providing a series of default provisions governing the relations among the members of the LLC and between the members and the LLC itself.? The new default provisions also address the responsibilities and rights of the managers of an LLC.? The new default provisions are as follows:
Duration
An LLC will have perpetual existence unless its members elect otherwise.
Operating Agreement.
Operating agreements will no longer required to be in writing.? The intention of the members with respect to the governance of an LLC can therefore be inferred from past practice and course of dealing, as well as oral representations. ?The process of establishing a definitive agreement from multiple sources can, however, be the source of any number of disputes.? It is therefore advisable to have a written agreement, and to make sure that the agreement incorporates prior agreements, whether written or oral.
Allocation of Profits, Losses and Distributions
The New Act provides for allocations on a per capita basis.? Where the members of an LLC do not make equal contributions to capital, the members will want to include an alternative method of allocation in the operating agreement.
Voting Rights
Under the New Act, members have equal voting rights, and a majority vote will decide ordinary matters.? Where members have unequal ownership interests, the operating agreement should include an alternative voting provision to avoid application of the default provision.
Fiduciary Duties
The New Act imposes fiduciary duties of good faith and fair dealing, loyalty and duty of care on members and managers.? The New Act also allows for the alteration or minimization of those duties so long as the alteration is not ?manifestly unreasonable?.
Indemnification
The New Act mandates indemnification of members, managers and others who act as ?company agents?.? Indemnification provisions of operating agreements should be carefully drafted to define the extent to which an LLC will be obligated to indemnify a company agent.
Withdrawal of Members
The New Act provides that a withdrawing member will continue to hold an economic interest in the LLC, with a right to continue to receive allocations of profits, losses and distributions, and will not have the right to demand return of his or her capital.? LLCs need no longer face the choice of leveraging to buy out a withdrawing member or dissolving the LLC.
Conversion and Domestication
The New Act provides for a streamlined process to convert and LLC into a corporation, and vice versa, and to allow foreign LLCs to become New Jersey LLCs.
Minority Oppression
Under the New Act, a minority member may apply to a court for the appointment of a custodian, or for an order of dissolution, on the grounds that the controlling majority is acting or will act in a way that is directly harmful to the minority member.
The New Act will align New Jersey law governing LLCs with the laws of other states that have already enacted provisions similar to those of the New Act, and will provide New Jersey LLCs greater flexibility of operation and management.? To take advantage of all that the new law provides, and to avoid unintended consequences of the new default provisions, the members of existing and proposed limited liability companies should carefully review their operating agreements.
For a review of an existing operating agreement; preparation of a new agreement; or, if you have questions, or would like additional information about the New Jersey Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act, you can reach me at?(732) 988-5362or ?by?e-mail.
Source: http://praxislegalsolutions.com/limited-liability-companies-new-and-improved/
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ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) ? An Ivory Coast military spokesman says that Guinean soldiers have occupied a border village in western Ivorian territory.
Col. Cherif Moussa said Tuesday that the seizure of Kpeaba village was part of a territorial dispute between the two countries dating back to Ivory Coast's independence in 1960.
He said the village had been occupied since the beginning of February.
Moussa said Ivory Coast has soldiers positioned five kilometers (3 miles) from Kpeaba but said that "diplomacy will play its role" in resolving the dispute.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/guinean-troops-ivory-coast-village-official-110008875.html
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John Boehner: The President Is Raging Against a Budget Crisis He Created
Obama invented the 'sequester' in the summer of 2011 to avoid facing up to America's spending problem.
By JOHN BOEHNER
A week from now, a dramatic new federal policy is set to go into effect that threatens U.S. national security, thousands of jobs and more. In a bit of irony, President Obama stood Tuesday with first responders who could lose their jobs if the policy goes into effect. Most Americans are just hearing about this Washington creation for the first time: the sequester. What they might not realize from Mr. Obama's statements is that it is a product of the president's own failed leadership.
The sequester is a wave of deep spending cuts scheduled to hit on March 1. Unless Congress acts, $85 billion in across-the-board cuts will occur this year, with another $1.1 trillion coming over the next decade. There is nothing wrong with cutting spending that much?we should be cutting even more?but the sequester is an ugly and dangerous way to do it.
By law, the sequester focuses on the narrow portion of the budget that funds the operating accounts for federal agencies and departments, including the Department of Defense. Exempt is most entitlement spending?the large portion of the budget that is driving the nation's looming debt crisis. Should the sequester take effect, America's military budget would be slashed nearly half a trillion dollars over the next 10 years. Border security, law enforcement, aviation safety and many other programs would all have diminished resources.
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StatSeed is StatSheet's postseason projections for all of Division I, including the NCAA Tournament, National Invitation Tournament (NIT), College Basketball Invitational (CBI), and the CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT). Read more about how StatSeed is calculated.
StatSheet now projects Alabama as a bubble team for the NCAA Tournament with potentially a 12 seed. The Crimson Tide are ranked #51 in the StatSheet StatRank with a 17-8 overall record and a 9-3 record in the SEC. During the last four games, Alabama held up strong with wins against South Carolina, Georgia, and LSU but also took on a bad loss to RPI #217 Auburn. Alabama is weak against top competition, with a 6-4 record against the RPI Top 100 but a 1-3 record against the RPI Top 50 and a 1-0 record against AP ranked teams. While the Crimson Tide have a single quality win against AP #25 Kentucky, they're also weighed down by four bad losses including RPI #217 Auburn, RPI #143 Tulane, RPI #151 Mercer, and RPI #114 Dayton. The last four teams into the NCAA Tournament with at-large bids are Southern Miss (20-6, 9-2 C-USA, StatRank #40), Alabama (17-8, 9-3 SEC, StatRank #58), Iowa State (17-8, 7-5 Big 12, StatRank #56), and Villanova (16-10, 7-6 Big East, StatRank #59). The first four teams out are Florida State (14-11, 6-6 ACC, StatRank #77), Maryland (18-7, 6-6 ACC, StatRank #64), Stanford (15-11, 6-7 Pac 12, StatRank #73), and Temple (17-8, 6-5 A-10, StatRank #53). The next four out are Arizona State (19-7, 8-5 Pac 12, StatRank #70), Creighton (21-6, 10-5 Missouri Valley, StatRank #43), Saint Louis (19-5, 8-2 A-10, StatRank #46), and Tennessee (14-10, 6-6 SEC, StatRank #72).| Regional 1 | Regional 2 | Regional 3 | Regional 4 |
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Feb. 17, 2013 ? For an amputee, replacing a missing limb with a functional prosthetic can alleviate physical or emotional distress and mean a return of vocational ability or cosmetics. Studies show, however, that up to 50 percent of hand amputees still do not use their prosthesis regularly due to less than ideal functionality, appearance, and controllability.
But Silvestro Micera, of the E?cole Polytechnique Fe?de?rale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, is paving the way for new, smart prosthetics that connect directly to the nervous system. The benefits are more versatile prosthet- ics with intuitive motor control and realistic sensory feedback -- in essence, they could one day return dexterity and the sensation of touch to an amputee.
At the 2013 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Boston, Micera reports the results of previous work conducting a four-week clinical trial that improved sensory feed- back in amputees by using intraneural electrodes implanted into the median and ulnar nerves. This interface holds great promise because of its ability to create an intimate and natural connection with the nerves, and because it is less invasive than other methods. It also provides fast, intuitive, bidirectional flow of informa- tion between the nervous system and the prosthetic, resulting in a more realistic experience and ultimately improved function.
"We could be on the cusp of providing new and more effective clinical solutions to amputees in the next years," says Micera, who is Head of the Translational Neural Engineering Laboratory at EPFL and Professor at the Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Italy.
Micera and colleagues tested their system by implanting intraneural electrodes into the nerves of an amputee. The electrodes stimulated the sensory peripheral system, delivering different types of touch feelings. Then the researchers analyzed the motor neural signals recorded from the nerves and showed that information related to grasping could indeed be extracted. That information was then used to control a hand prosthesis placed near the subject but not physically attached to the arm of the amputee.
At AAAS in Boston, Micera also describes his recent activities to improve the efficacy of this approach and an- nounces a new clinical trial starting soon as part of the Italian Ministry of Health's NEMESIS project, under the clinical supervision of Prof. Paolo M. Rossini. This new trial carries this research a step further by connecting the prosthetic hand directly to the patient for the first real-time, bidirectional control using peripheral neural signals. Though results are not yet available, the researchers hope to find still further improvement in the sen- sory feedback and overall control of the prosthetics with this new method.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Ecole Polytechnique F?d?rale de Lausanne, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/_TwhBGXRJWI/130217134208.htm
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Feb. 14, 2013 ? When people lose hope that they will ever get another good night's sleep, they become at high risk for suicide, researchers report.
Insomnia and nightmares, which are often confused and may go hand-in-hand, are known risk factors for suicide but just how they contribute was unknown, said Dr. W. Vaughn McCall, Chair of the Medical College of Georgia Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior at Georgia Regents University.
The new study reaffirms that link and adds the element of hopelessness about sleep that is independent of other types of hopelessness, such as those regarding personal relationships and careers, said McCall, corresponding author of the study in Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, the journal of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
"It turns out insomnia can lead to a very specific type of hopelessness and hopelessness by itself is a powerful predictor of suicide," he said. "It's fascinating because what it tells you is we have discovered a new predictor for suicidal thinking."
If the findings hold true in larger studies, they wave a red flag about suicide risk and point toward prevention that targets the negative thoughts with pharmaceuticals and psychological intervention.
The finding also is a reminder to physicians that depressed patients who report increased sleep problems should be asked if they are having suicidal thoughts, McCall said.
The scientists used psychometric testing to objectively assess the mental state of 50 depressed patients age 20-80 being treated as an inpatient, outpatient or in the Emergency Department. More than half had attempted suicide and most were taking an anti-depressant. Testing enabled the researchers to filter out other suicide risks such as depression itself and hone in on the relationship between insomnia and suicide risk, asking specific questions about dysfunctional beliefs about sleep such as: Do you think you will ever sleep again?
"It was this dysfunctional thinking, all these negative thoughts about sleep that was the mediating factor that explained why insomnia was linked to suicide," said McCall, who specializes in depression and sleep disorders.
He's seen insomnia patients spiral downward with increasingly negative and unrealistic thoughts about not sleeping, thinking, for example, that their immune system is being irrevocably damaged. McCall challenges such negatives from his patients and asks other doctors to consider doing the same: to disagree, strongly stating there is no scientific evidence for the thoughts but there is hope and help. "People have choices," he said.
Once insomnia has been diagnosed, some fairly rigid guidelines can help turn the exhausting and potentially deadly tide, including:
The likelihood of being suicidal at least doubles with insomnia as a symptom, McCall noted.
"If you talk with depressed people, they really feel like they have failed at so many things. It goes something like, 'My marriage is a mess, I hate my job, I can't communicate with my kids, I can't even sleep.' There is a sense of failure and hopelessness that now runs from top to bottom and this is one more thing," McCall said.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_health/~3/snoDac4LoRY/130217085340.htm
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ANC 5E03 Commissioner and ANC 5E Secretary Tim Clark provided an updated agenda for this Tuesday?s ANC 5E meeting. ?Note that the agenda now includes an item titled ?proposed new traffic light at R and Florida Avenue NW.?
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This entry was posted in Community Information. Bookmark the permalink.Source: http://batesareacivicassociation.org/2013/02/17/revised-anc-5e-agenda-includes/
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President Barack Obama touched on a variety of issues-- energy, jobs, technology, climate change and the middle class-- in his State of the Union address on Tuesday. Yahoo News asked voters to respond to his speech. Here's one perspective.
COMMENTARY | "America must remain a beacon to all who seek freedom," President Barack Obama declared during Tuesday's State of the Union address. "In the Middle East, we will stand with citizens as they demand their universal rights," he added.
But Obama's policies and actions in the region belie a much uglier reality.
In Bahrain, where the al-Khalifa dynasty has ruled since the 1700s, regime forces brutally crushed a pro-democracy uprising, arresting, torturing and murdering protesters and children. Doctors and nurses who treated wounded demonstrators were tortured, forced to eat feces and tried for treason.
President Obama responded by welcoming Bahraini Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad al-Khalifa to the White House and selling his brutal regime weaponry that it uses to repress its own people.
In neighboring Saudi Arabia, the world's most repressive Islamic fundamentalist monarchy regularly arrests and tortures innocent people. Prisoners are often tortured into making false confessions. Executions, usually by public beheading, are common, with "crimes" like renouncing Islam, witchcraft, adultery and homosexuality resulting in execution.
Women's rights are unheard of in the kingdom, where females cannot vote or even drive cars and are often severely punished for speaking to unrelated men. Rape victims are blamed for their attacks and sometimes publicly whipped.
Yet President Obama warmly welcomed Saudi King Abdullah to the White House and sold his regime a record $60 billion worth of advanced fighter jets.
It's not just the Middle East-- the Obama administration supports some of the world's most brutal dictatorships. So much for "standing with citizens as they demand their universal rights."
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/commentary-state-union-obama-tells-big-middle-east-052700133.html
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Feb. 12, 2013 ? Researchers at the Vienna University of Technology show that a recently discovered class of materials can be used to create a new kind of solar cell.
Single atomic layers are combined to create novel materials with completely new properties. Layered oxide heterostructures are a new class of materials, which has attracted a great deal of attention among materials scientists in the last few years. A research team at the Vienna University of Technology, together with colleagues from the USA and Germany, has now shown that these heterostructures can be used to create a new kind of extremely efficient ultra-thin solar cells.
Discovering New Material Properties in Computer Simulations
"Single atomic layers of different oxides are stacked, creating a material with electronic properties which are vastly different from the properties the individual oxides have on their own," says Professor Karsten Held from the Institute for Solid State Physics, Vienna University of Technology. In order to design new materials with exactly the right physical properties, the structures were studied in large-scale computer simulations. As a result of this research, the scientists at TU Vienna discovered that the oxide heterostructures hold great potential for building solar cells.
Turning Light into Electricity
The basic idea behind solar cells is the photoelectric effect. Its simplest version was already explained by Albert Einstein in 1905: when a photon is absorbed, it can cause an electron to leave its place and electric current starts to flow. When an electron is removed, a positively charged region stays behind -- a so called "hole." Both the negatively charged electrons as well as the holes contribute to the electrical current.
"If these electrons and holes in the solar cell recombine instead of being transported away, nothing happens and the energy cannot be used," says Elias Assmann, who carried out a major part of the computer simulations at TU Vienna. "The crucial advantage of the new material is that on a microscopic scale, there is an electric field inside the material, which separates electrons and holes." This increases the efficiency of the solar cell.
Two Isolators Make a Metal
The oxides used to create the material are actually isolators. However, if two appropriate types of isolators are stacked, an astonishing effect can be observed: the surfaces of the material become metallic and conduct electrical current. "For us, this is very important. This effect allows us to conveniently extract the charge carriers and create an electrical circuit," says Karsten Held. Conventional solar cells made of silicon require metal wires on their surface to collect the charge carriers -- but these wires block part of the light from entering the solar cell.
Not all photons are converted into electrical current with the same efficiency. For different colors of light, different materials work best. "The oxide heterostructures can be tuned by choosing exactly the right chemical elements," says Professor Blaha (TU Vienna). In the computer simulations, oxides containing Lanthanum and Vanadium were studied, because that way the materials operate especially well with the natural light of the sun. "It is even possible to combine different kinds of materials, so that different colors of light can be absorbed in different layers of the solar cell at maximum efficiency," says Elias Assmann.
Putting Theory into Practice
The team from TU Vienna was assisted by Satoshi Okamoto (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA) and Professor Giorgio Sangiovanni, a former employee of TU Vienna, who is now working at W?rzburg University, Germany. In W?rzburg, the new solar cells will now be build and tested. "The production of these solar cells made of oxide layers is more complicated than making standard silicon solar cells. But wherever extremely high efficiency or minimum thickness is required, the new structures should be able to replace silicon cells," Karsten Held believes.
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Potential Detroit Lions draft pick Jarvis Jones has reportedly been given a clean bill of health by doctors.
Although he may not be the greatest fit in the world from a scheme perspective, linebacker Jarvis Jones has been considered a possible pick of the Detroit Lions because of his pass-rushing ability. The Lions need to add players who can put pressure on opposing quarterbacks, and Jones is a good fit in that regard.
On the flip side, Jones may not be a good fit at all as the No. 5 overall pick because he has spinal stenosis. The Lions aren't exactly in a position where they can gamble on a player with medical red flags, especially considering they haven't had much luck with these types of risks in the past. This is why a lot of people have shied away from the idea of Jones going No. 5 overall to the Lions. The talent may be there, but the injury concern is a big one.
For those who are hoping to see the Lions take a serious look at Jones if he's available when they go on the clock, I have good news for you. NFL.com's Gil Brandt reports that Jones has been cleared by doctors.
While this is big for Jones, it doesn't mean he's completely off the hook when it comes to questions about his health. Teams interested in Jones will likely have their own doctors take a look at him, and there's no guarantee that every team will clear him. There's also no guarantee that simply being cleared will lessen the perceived risk of potentially taking Jones for every team.
In other words, this is a positive step for Jones, but it's far from the end of the evaluation process. More questions will need to be asked, and more tests will likely need to be done before teams truly feel comfortable with putting him on their draft board.
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Source: http://www.prideofdetroit.com/2013/2/13/3983588/jarvis-jones-spinal-stenosis-nfl-draft
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(Alternate, Twitter-sourced titles: ?5 Ways to Prove Darwin Wasn?t Crazy,? ?Shut the Eff Up and Science Already,? ?5 Ways Psychology Needs to Evolve.?)
Evolutionary psychology, the study of human psychological adaptations, does not have a popular or scientific reputation for being rigorous, even though there are rigorous, thoughtful scientists in the field. The field is trying to take on an incredibly challenging task: understand what of human behavior is adaptive and why. We can better circumvent the conditions that lead to violence, war, and hatred if we know as much as we can about why we are the way we are. What motivates us, excites us, angers us, and how can evolutionary theory help us understand it all?
Because of this, there are consequences to a bad evolutionary psychology interpretation of the world. The biggest problem, to my mind, is that so often the conclusions of the bad sort of evolutionary psychology match the stereotypes and cultural expectations we already hold about the world: more feminine women are more beautiful, more masculine men more handsome; appearance is important to men while wealth is important to women; women are prone to flighty changes in political and partner preference depending on the phase of their menstrual cycles. Rather than clue people in to problems with research design or interpretation, this alignment with stereotype further confirms the study. Variation gets erased: in bad evolutionary psychology, there are only straight people, and everyone wants the same things in life. Our brains are iPhones, each app designed for its own special adaptive purpose.
I once had a fellow from this field talk my ear off for fifteen minutes about his ?one bad apple spoils the barrel? hypothesis (it was so long ago at this point that I?m not too worried about the story identifying him). He contended that an early-maturing boy was a ?bad apple? that would drive other surrounding boys to early puberty. Whenever I politely inquired as to what the mechanism would be that would drive the other boys to mature, or why this would even be adaptive, he would move on feverishly to the next part of his metaphor. ?But you see,? he said almost breathlessly, ?it?s like the boys are all in a barrel, and when apples are in a barrel one rotten apple can make the others go rotten too.?
No one should ever love their idea so much that it becomes detached from reality, as much an issue for those testing hypotheses as those reading about them in blog posts and magazines. And I think I?ve come up with five exhortations to help any reader trying to tell the good ev psych from the bad.
1. You?re not measuring what you think you?re measuring.
Something we scientists like to do is to operationalize variables. That means that, since we cannot often measure what we want to measure, we come up with some sort of proxy that makes the best of a bad job.
For instance, let?s say what you?d really like to know is whether a trait affects reproductive success in Urbana, Illinois. There are a lot of barriers to being able to tell whether this trait ? karaoke ability, for instance ? affects the total number of children had by individuals in this population. Humans live a long time, so the project would have to span someone?s entire reproductive years. Many humans also plan their families and so use contraception from time to time, and many perfectly fertile humans make the perfectly rational decision to not have any babies at all. And so even if you could do this study as long as you needed to, you can?t with confidence say that the childfree person is less fertile than the one with seven children.
So, you use some sort of proxy for fertility, something necessary for reproductive success. In women, you may look at their ovarian hormone levels, their endometrial thickness, the length of their cycle or frequency of ovulatory cycles. In men, you could look at testosterone as well as sperm count and quality. Sometimes you have the resources to recruit a number of people trying to conceive, and then you can see how long it takes them to conceive, or whether they do at all. These are all considered pretty good proxies of fecundity, and thus also by extension fertility.
In some studies of evolutionary psychology, a never-before-used variable is often created to serve as a proxy for what they really want to know. Not too long ago I took issue with a ?maternal tendencies? variable. Because they couldn?t assess maternal behavior in these young, childless undergraduate women, they asked them how many children they wanted to have. The more children these eighteen and nineteen year olds wanted, the more maternal they were.
Yet desired family size at eighteen, and maternal tendencies as a future mother, are very, very different things. As I pointed out in my post on this, there is too much context-dependence embedded in when you ask women how many kids they want for it to tell you anything with much biological meaning.
So, make sure you?re measuring what you think you?re measuring. And validate the heck out of any new proxy you come up with.
2. Undergrads only teach us about undergrads.
Much of the psychological research coming out of the US and other western countries are performed on the easiest to access sample population: undergraduates eager for cash or extra credit. Many of the major conclusions we make about humankind come out of this very specific group of individuals. Often, the undergrads sampled are mostly white and middle class. Undergraduate sampling is an extreme version of the challenge much human behavior research faces: the use of, and then extension from, WEIRD people.
WEIRD stands for Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic. This particular subset of humans, despite the experience of so many of us who work at universities, is actually not the majority worldwide. The lived experience of being WEIRD means a particular kind of access to resources in terms of money, vaccines, food, school, and government.
Have you ever had someone say they ?speak for the moms? or some other subgroup and it made you feel uncomfortable? Have you ever been inadvertently put in the position of having to speak for a group of people, but felt that group was way too variable for your one experience to apply to everyone? This is why testing hypotheses and sampling populations from WEIRD places is such a bad idea, and not just from a cultural standpoint but a biological one. The daily lived experience of those resources, vaccines, schools, and other aspects of the WEIRD environment produce a person very different from one that grows up without a nearby hospital, running water or shoes. Even if your Institutional Review Board gave you permission to separate identical twins at birth and have them grow up in the city and the savanna, their height, weight, hormones, sensitivity to stressors, nearly every imaginable metric would show some interesting variation, much of it due to this lifetime of different experiences.
The two reasons oversampling from WEIRD people is bad is first that oversampling in general is bad, but second that being WEIRD puts you about as far removed from the conditions in which we evolved as you can get. WEIRD stressors are chronic and psychosocial (which makes them great if that?s your research interest, otherwise not so much). They have a lot of weird (ha ha) immune problems, possibly related to under-challenging their immune systems when young. They tend to survive the major childhood illnesses but then die of heart attacks, strokes or cancer. Many of them delay childbearing into well into their reproductive years and breastfeed for a short duration if at all, meaning they have eight to ten times as many menstrual cycles as the average forager. And they tend to have nuclear families, rather than breed cooperatively in large groups, sharing the parenting load among peers and across generations.
So the punchline here is: don?t speak for everyone until you?ve spoken to everyone. (My one exception: The Lorax gets to speak for the trees.)
3. It?s not true that everything happens for a reason.
One of my least favorite papers is on rape as an evolved sexual strategy among humans. The abstract begins,
?Psychological adaptation underlies all human behavior.?
I still remember the photocopied version I first read of this for a class in graduate school, because it was marked up by the professor who had read it first. Next to this line, the professor had written,
?NO!?
And I remember mulling over this, particularly because this professor was not exactly emotive, and so it was interesting to see him have a strong reaction to something. Sure, the whole paper was problematic, and the great thing about Thornhill and Thornhill (1992) is that because they published in Behavioral and Brain Sciences it came with a bunch of commentaries, most of them negative, some of them hilariously witty in their takedowns. Yes, we academics can be witty.
Years later, the first time I taught with this paper, I pulled out that same old photocopied version to make a pdf, and I saw that professor?s comment again. And it struck me how this was one of the fundamental problems with many disciplines that tend towards the adaptationist, including evolutionary psychology. We forget that natural selection and sexual selection are only two ways in which evolution ? which is really just change over time ? happens. There are also things like genetic drift and mutation, which can also have a direction and also produce change. While this may drive some adaptationists into an existential crisis, sometimes there is no reason at all for a given human behavior or trait. My decision to wear navy socks today, the route I walk from one campus building to another, making cupcakes instead of cookies for my daughter?s playdate, these are behaviors we can tell adaptive stories about.
But it may not be realistic or accurate to do so. And if you do want to tell an adaptive story about it, you have to make sure the argument is pretty airtight.
There are ways to be able to be more confident about whether a trait you?re interested in has been selected (or rather, not eliminated). You can see if it conforms to these three principles:
It?s tempting to see selection?s hand in everything people do. But doing so makes the same mistake as those who say that they see design in evolution. It is possible to be enchanted by the amazing things biology can tell us, while accepting the added randomness of existence.
4. There is more than one way to skin a cat.
When an evolutionary psychologist makes a claim about the effectiveness of a human male reproductive strategy like breadwinning, or dominating behavior, or large muscle mass, I cringe. They are usually described ? in the press releases, yes, but also in the articles themselves ? as a prime determinant for reproductive success. The best strategy. The only strategy.
Or sometimes you see two strategies proposed, which follows sexual selection theory a bit more closely, but then puts those individuals in two categories rather than along a spectrum: for instance, big strong males who show off their gene quality versus more nurturing males who demonstrate their parenting quality. The way many of these studies are designed end up eliciting responses that lead to stark categories.
As it turns out, reproductive strategies ? most behavioral strategies, in fact ? are widely variable, and you see a pretty stable constellation of them in any given population. Rather than try to promote the idea that one particular strategy is the only one any successful person would think of using, we should be identifying, appreciating, and understanding this variation.
Unsurprisingly, most of these one-size-fits-all assessments of human behavior conform to how we already think men and women should behave in our culture.
What saddens me the most about this particular problem is the way it makes people with non-straight identities invisible, or worse, implicitly pathological. The straighties are doing their adaptive darndest to make babies, but those homosexuals aren?t following the Darwinian directorate to seek opposite sex partners and spread their seed! No matter that many people who identify in one of the many non-straight identities have children of their own, and many of those children are in fact genetically related to them. In fact, to some extent it makes sense to parse out sexual identity and sexual activities from reproductive success.
Finally, for something to be an evolutionarily stable strategy it has to fit a few conditions:
I laid out how hebephilia fails these tests in a post last year. The problem with demonstrating natural selection, and in particular evolutionarily stable strategies, is that the burden of evidence is incredibly high. Which means most stories that buttress bad evolutionary psychology work will ultimately lead to that study?s collapse, when we see the stories are made of thin air.
If you design your study really well, finding ways to anticipate and control for cultural bias, and still find a correlation, I?m quite happy for you! But chances are good you don?t have enough to contend what you?re seeing is an evolutionarily stable strategy. So hold the storytelling. Just for a little while.
5. Just because it works today, doesn?t mean it worked back in the day.
To illustrate my final point, I turn to a recent post from Scicurious on the supposed significance of wearing high heels. It?s a classic Sci takedown, and it?s worth a thorough read.
Sci details a paper that demonstrates a positive relationship between wearing high heels and perceived attractiveness. The researchers had women walk with and without high heels, then used point light displays to demonstrate walkers? gait without revealing their appearance. The methods certainly seem carefully constructed to avoid some kinds of bias.
Where the researchers lost Sci ? and me ? was where they contended that walking in heels is sexier, and represents a ?super-stimulus? (think red lipstick to emphasize feminine lips, breast implants to enhance boobs). Part of the reason they make this assertion is that they claim high heels have a long history of being used to emphasize women?s assets. And of course, this is where they?re very wrong, since high heels have a long history of being worn by men, and since in this study they had no way to parse out watchers? expectations of what constitutes a sexy walk based on their cultural conditioning.
In any case, many of the things we do today are things we did not do in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness ? itself a mythical construct where everyone lived happily in the savanna eating wild game and mongongo nuts (totally Paleo diet, man!!!).
A far more useful way to interpret modern behavior is not the specific behavior itself, but perhaps the temperament or aims of the actor. So, making tumblrs of animated gifs about roller derby is not an adaptive behavior, but the motivations that underlie it could be, depending on the circumstance. A sense of humor is likely heritable, variable and can lead to reproductive success. And those gifs are hilarious.
But I want to see someone test it first. And of course, it would be great if we could get to the point where we can do better than presume that many of these behaviors (or again, the motivations behind them) have a genetic underpinning.
Conclusion
The bad parts of evolutionary psychology confirm what we think we already know about the world. And confirming stereotypes and calling it science tends to keep women and GLBT folk as perpetual second class citizens in this world, rather than the amazing, vibrant contributors to society they are and can be.
Evolutionary theory has been developed and tested for quite a long time, and there is a strong, reliable set of conditions we have developed to help us determine adaptive significance for a given trait. All the field of evolutionary psychology really needs is to be put to the test.
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Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=bff26e195773aa6bfa836fe3abe4934e
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - President Barack Obama on Monday awarded former Army Staff Sergeant Clinton Romesha the Medal of Honor, the highest U.S. award for valor in combat, for leading a few dozen soldiers to fight off an attack by hundreds of Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan.
Obama placed the blue-and-white decoration around Romesha's neck at a White House ceremony. Romesha, 31, of Minot, North Dakota, is the fourth living service member to receive the Medal of Honor for action in Afghanistan or Iraq.
"I called Clint to tell him that he would receive this medal," Obama said at the ceremony. "He said he was honored, but he also said, 'It wasn't just me, it was a team effort.'"
Romesha, a Fourth Infantry Division section leader, rallied 53 U.S. soldiers to fight off about 300 heavily armed Taliban insurgents on October 3, 2009, at Combat Outpost Keating, isolated in a rugged part of eastern Afghanistan, according to his medal citation.
The battle killed eight U.S. soldiers and wounded 22.
Insurgents armed with mortars, rocket-propelled grenades and anti-aircraft guns attacked the outpost at dawn from four sides, the citation said. They overran much of the base and set it on fire.
Awakened by the attack, Romesha moved under intense enemy fire to reconnoiter and seek reinforcements before returning to action with the support of an assistant gunner, the citation said.
Using a machine gun, Romesha wiped out a Taliban machine gun team. While firing on a second team, a rocket-propelled grenade smashed into the generator he was using for cover and shrapnel wounded him in the neck, hip and arm.
When another soldier arrived to aid him and the assistant gunner, Romesha again "rushed through the exposed avenue to assemble additional soldiers," the citation said.
Romesha then gathered together a five-man team and returned to the fight, this time armed with a sniper rifle.
He shot dead three Taliban fighters who had breached the outpost's wire, the citation said. He called in air strikes that killed more than 30 insurgents, then he and his team provided covering fire that let three wounded soldiers reach the aid station. He and his men also moved 100 meters under heavy fire to recover the bodies of dead soldiers, the citation said.
After the ceremony, an emotional Romesha, who left the Army in 2011, told reporters he had accepted the award on behalf of those he fought with at Keating and was "conflicted" about it.
"The joy comes from recognition for us doing our jobs as soldiers on distant battlefields, but it's countered by the constant reminder of the loss of our battle buddies, my battle buddies, my soldiers, my friends," Romesha said, his hands shaking as he read a statement.
Nine Silver Stars and 18 Bronze Stars were awarded for the Keating fight. It was the subject of the book "The Outpost: An Untold Story of American Valor," by CNN reporter Jake Tapper.
(Additional reporting by Steve Holland; Editing by Daniel Trotta and Leslie Adler)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/vet-fought-off-taliban-attack-awarded-medal-honor-213322877.html
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Michigan's Max Bielfeldt, left, and Wisconsin's Sam Dekker vie for a rebound during the first half of an NCAA college basketball game Saturday, Feb. 9, 2013, in Madison, Wis. (AP Photo/Andy Manis)
Michigan's Max Bielfeldt, left, and Wisconsin's Sam Dekker vie for a rebound during the first half of an NCAA college basketball game Saturday, Feb. 9, 2013, in Madison, Wis. (AP Photo/Andy Manis)
Michigan's Mitch McGary (4) drives against Wisconsin's Frank Kaminsky during the first half of an NCAA college basketball game Saturday, Feb. 9, 2013, in Madison, Wis. (AP Photo/Andy Manis)
Michigan's Nik Stauskas, left, shoots as Wisconsin's Sam Dekker defends during the first half of an NCAA college basketball game Saturday, Feb. 9, 2013, in Madison, Wis. (AP Photo/Andy Manis)
MADISON, Wis. (AP) ? When Ben Brust tied the game at the end of regulation with a shot just from just inside midcourt, his teammate Mike Bruesewitz looked over at Wisconsin coach Bo Ryan and saw something unusual.
His coach had both his arms in the air.
"You know when he shows some emotion, you've done something pretty special," Bruesewitz said.
Brust hit a tiebreaking 3-pointer with less than 40 seconds left in overtime as Wisconsin beat No. 3 Michigan 65-62 on Saturday.
"It was awesome, something I'll remember forever, and I'm sure a lot of people will," Brust said of the game, which ended with students storming the court and Bruesewitz taking the public address announcer's microphone to thank the crowd as students celebrated around him.
The Wolverines became the third top three team to lose this week as No. 1 Indiana lost to Illinois and No. 2 Florida was beaten by Arkansas. This should be the sixth straight week with a different No. 1 in The Associated Press' Top 25.
Brust's shot at the end of regulation was a dramatic turn of events for Wisconsin (17-7, 8-3 Big Ten) and a soul crusher for Michigan (21-3, 8-3).
Just moments earlier, Tim Hardaway Jr. hit a contested 3-pointer to put the Wolverines up 60-57 with less than 3 seconds left in regulation.
Following a timeout, Bruesewitz passed up his first option in the inbounds play and hit Brust in stride. The guard took one dribble across halfcourt and launched the shot, which hit nothing but net.
Ryan said the play was drawn up to see how Michigan defended the first cutter, Brust read the defense and reacted.
"The best thing was Mike's pass on the dime on the run, didn't have to reach back for it, able to catch it all in one motion," Ryan said.
Michigan still had fouls to give before the shot, and coach John Beilein said the order coming out of the timeout was to foul. He also put Caris LeVert on Brust to bolster the defense.
"We were definitely fouling, wanted to keep everyone in front of us and (Brust) turned the corner on (LeVert) just enough that he couldn't foul him," Beilein said. "I thought we had them once they couldn't get their initial guy.
"With Caris' quickness, we thought he could get there, but he didn't."
For all the fireworks in the final 3 seconds, the teams only managed seven points in overtime, including Brust's winning 3-pointer.
Following Brust's shot, Hardaway couldn't connect on his drive to the hoop on the next Michigan possession, and Glenn Robinson III fouled Jared Berggren on the rebound.
The Wolverines went to a full-court press with two more fouls to give. But the Badgers broke the press, and Michigan had to foul twice more to finally put Ryan Evans on the free throw line.
Evans, who shoots less than 43 percent from the line, missed the front end of a 1-and-1, and Burke couldn't connect in a rushed final possession for the Wolverines.
It was another grinding win for the Badgers keyed by their defense. Michigan came in as one of the top scoring teams in the country at almost 78 points per game. But Wisconsin held Michigan to less than 40 percent shooting from the field, including 5 of 18 from beyond the 3-point line.
Michigan was 1 for 7 from the field in overtime, and the offensive futility was highlighted by one sequence in which Mitch McGary stole the ball outside the 3-point line and drove the other way only to miss the layup with Berggren defending the rim.
Beilein said the Wolverines missed out on 14 points thanks to missed layups.
"I'm not talking about when they're really contesting," Beilein said. "I'm talking about we had the ball, the basket and us, and it didn't go in."
Brust scored 14 points for the Badgers, while Berggren added 13 and eight rebounds. Sam Dekker scored 12 points, while Evans finished with 11 points and nine rebounds.
Burke scored 19 points to lead Michigan, but needed 21 shots to do it. Hardaway added 18, and McGary had 12 points and eight rebounds.
It was the second straight game for both teams to go past regulation after the Badgers beat Iowa 74-70 in double overtime on Wednesday and Michigan downed Ohio State 76-74 in overtime on Tuesday.
Several Wisconsin players said consecutive overtime games exemplified their will to win even as critics contend they're not talented enough, not fast enough and, as Bruesewitz said he's seen on Twitter, not good-looking enough.
"We have a group of guys in that locker room that believe and is going to fight until the end until you tell us we can't play any more basketball," Berggren said. "We just find a way to get it done."
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The Evad3rs Jailbreak Team on Monday released their evasi0n jailbreak tool for Apple?s (AAPL) iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch devices running iOS 6.0 or iOS 6.1. Jay Freeman, the man behind the jailbroken app store known as Cydia, announced that nearly seven million iOS devices have been freed from Apple?s walled garden in only four days, Forbes reported. The astonishing number makes evasi0n the fastest-adopted jailbreaking solution of all time. As of Thursday night, numbers from Freeman?s alternative app store revealed that 5.15 million iPhones, 1.35 million iPads, and 400,000 iPod touches were jailbroken with evasi0n. Jailbreaking an Apple device is similar to rooting an Android smartphone or tablet, and allows greater customization and opens the door to features such
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/us-condemns-attack-refugee-camp-iraq-012716417.html
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